脚本报错：
脚本代码：
报错原因：
因为默认情况下，Python采用的是ascii编码方式，如下所示：
1◄► python -c "import sys; print sys.getdefaultencoding()" 2ascii 3◄►
而Python在进行编码方式之间的转换时，会将 unicode 作为“中间编码”，但 unicode 最大只有 128 那么长，所以这里当尝试将 ascii 编码字符串转换成"中间编码" unicode 时由于超出了其范围，就报出了如上错误。
解决方法：
解决方案：
1）第一种：这里我们将Python的默认编码方式修改为utf-8，就可以规避上述问题的发生，具体方式，我们在Python文件的前面加上如下代码：
1import sys 2defaultencoding = 'utf-8' 3if sys.getdefaultencoding() != defaultencoding: 4 reload(sys) 5 sys.setdefaultencoding(defaultencoding)
2）第二种：我们在/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/目录下添加一个sitecustomize.py文件，内容如下：
1import sys 2sys.setdefaultencoding('utf-8')
这种方式可以解决所有项目的encoding问题，具体说明可参考/usr/lib/python2.7/site.py文件：
1"""Append module search paths for third-party packages to sys.path. 2 3**************************************************************** 4* This module is automatically imported during initialization. * 5**************************************************************** 6 7In earlier versions of Python (up to 1.5a3), scripts or modules that 8needed to use site-specific modules would place ``import site'' 9somewhere near the top of their code. Because of the automatic 10import, this is no longer necessary (but code that does it still 11works). 12 13This will append site-specific paths to the module search path. On 14Unix (including Mac OSX), it starts with sys.prefix and 15sys.exec_prefix (if different) and appends 16lib/python<version>/site-packages as well as lib/site-python. 17On other platforms (such as Windows), it tries each of the 18prefixes directly, as well as with lib/site-packages appended. The 19resulting directories, if they exist, are appended to sys.path, and 20also inspected for path configuration files. 21 22For Debian and derivatives, this sys.path is augmented with directories 23for packages distributed within the distribution. Local addons go 24into /usr/local/lib/python<version>/dist-packages, Debian addons 25install into /usr/{lib,share}/python<version>/dist-packages. 26/usr/lib/python<version>/site-packages is not used. 27 28A path configuration file is a file whose name has the form 29<package>.pth; its contents are additional directories (one per line) 30to be added to sys.path. Non-existing directories (or 31non-directories) are never added to sys.path; no directory is added to 32sys.path more than once. Blank lines and lines beginning with 33'#' are skipped. Lines starting with 'import' are executed. 34 35For example, suppose sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix are set to 36/usr/local and there is a directory /usr/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages 37with three subdirectories, foo, bar and spam, and two path 38configuration files, foo.pth and bar.pth. Assume foo.pth contains the 39following: 40 41 # foo package configuration 42 foo 43 bar 44 bletch 45 46and bar.pth contains: 47 48 # bar package configuration 49 bar 50 51Then the following directories are added to sys.path, in this order: 52 53 /usr/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/bar 54 /usr/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/foo 55 56Note that bletch is omitted because it doesn't exist; bar precedes foo 57because bar.pth comes alphabetically before foo.pth; and spam is 58omitted because it is not mentioned in either path configuration file. 59 60After these path manipulations, an attempt is made to import a module 61named sitecustomize, which can perform arbitrary additional 62site-specific customizations. If this import fails with an 63ImportError exception, it is silently ignored. 64 65""" 66 67import sys 68import os 69import __builtin__ 70import traceback 71 72# Prefixes for site-packages; add additional prefixes like /usr/local here 73PREFIXES = [sys.prefix, sys.exec_prefix] 74# Enable per user site-packages directory 75# set it to False to disable the feature or True to force the feature 76ENABLE_USER_SITE = None 77 78# for distutils.commands.install 79# These values are initialized by the getuserbase() and getusersitepackages() 80# functions, through the main() function when Python starts. 81USER_SITE = None 82USER_BASE = None 83 84 85def makepath(*paths): 86 dir = os.path.join(*paths) 87 try: 88 dir = os.path.abspath(dir) 89 except OSError: 90 pass 91 return dir, os.path.normcase(dir) 92 93 94def abs__file__(): 95 """Set all module' __file__ attribute to an absolute path""" 96 for m in sys.modules.values(): 97 if hasattr(m, '__loader__'): 98 continue # don't mess with a PEP 302-supplied __file__ 99 try: 100 m.__file__ = os.path.abspath(m.__file__) 101 except (AttributeError, OSError): 102 pass 103 104 105def removeduppaths(): 106 """ Remove duplicate entries from sys.path along with making them 107 absolute""" 108 # This ensures that the initial path provided by the interpreter contains 109 # only absolute pathnames, even if we're running from the build directory. 110 L = [] 111 known_paths = set() 112 for dir in sys.path: 113 # Filter out duplicate paths (on case-insensitive file systems also 114 # if they only differ in case); turn relative paths into absolute 115 # paths. 116 dir, dircase = makepath(dir) 117 if not dircase in known_paths: 118 L.append(dir) 119 known_paths.add(dircase) 120 sys.path[:] = L 121 return known_paths 122 123 124def _init_pathinfo(): 125 """Return a set containing all existing directory entries from sys.path""" 126 d = set() 127 for dir in sys.path: 128 try: 129 if os.path.isdir(dir): 130 dir, dircase = makepath(dir) 131 d.add(dircase) 132 except TypeError: 133 continue 134 return d 135 136 137def addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths): 138 """Process a .pth file within the site-packages directory: 139 For each line in the file, either combine it with sitedir to a path 140 and add that to known_paths, or execute it if it starts with 'import '. 141 """ 142 if known_paths is None: 143 _init_pathinfo() 144 reset = 1 145 else: 146 reset = 0 147 fullname = os.path.join(sitedir, name) 148 try: 149 f = open(fullname, "rU") 150 except IOError: 151 return 152 with f: 153 for n, line in enumerate(f): 154 if line.startswith("#"): 155 continue 156 try: 157 if line.startswith(("import ", "import\t")): 158 exec line 159 continue 160 line = line.rstrip() 161 dir, dircase = makepath(sitedir, line) 162 if not dircase in known_paths and os.path.exists(dir): 163 sys.path.append(dir) 164 known_paths.add(dircase) 165 except Exception as err: 166 print >>sys.stderr, "Error processing line {:d} of {}:\n".format( 167 n+1, fullname) 168 for record in traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()): 169 for line in record.splitlines(): 170 print >>sys.stderr, ' '+line 171 print >>sys.stderr, "\nRemainder of file ignored" 172 break 173 if reset: 174 known_paths = None 175 return known_paths 176 177 178def addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths=None): 179 """Add 'sitedir' argument to sys.path if missing and handle .pth files in 180 'sitedir'""" 181 if known_paths is None: 182 known_paths = _init_pathinfo() 183 reset = 1 184 else: 185 reset = 0 186 sitedir, sitedircase = makepath(sitedir) 187 if not sitedircase in known_paths: 188 sys.path.append(sitedir) # Add path component 189 try: 190 names = os.listdir(sitedir) 191 except os.error: 192 return 193 dotpth = os.extsep + "pth" 194 names = [name for name in names if name.endswith(dotpth)] 195 for name in sorted(names): 196 addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths) 197 if reset: 198 known_paths = None 199 return known_paths 200 201 202def check_enableusersite(): 203 """Check if user site directory is safe for inclusion 204 205 The function tests for the command line flag (including environment var), 206 process uid/gid equal to effective uid/gid. 207 208 None: Disabled for security reasons 209 False: Disabled by user (command line option) 210 True: Safe and enabled 211 """ 212 if sys.flags.no_user_site: 213 return False 214 215 if hasattr(os, "getuid") and hasattr(os, "geteuid"): 216 # check process uid == effective uid 217 if os.geteuid() != os.getuid(): 218 return None 219 if hasattr(os, "getgid") and hasattr(os, "getegid"): 220 # check process gid == effective gid 221 if os.getegid() != os.getgid(): 222 return None 223 224 return True 225 226def getuserbase(): 227 """Returns the `user base` directory path. 228 229 The `user base` directory can be used to store data. If the global 230 variable ``USER_BASE`` is not initialized yet, this function will also set 231 it. 232 """ 233 global USER_BASE 234 if USER_BASE is not None: 235 return USER_BASE 236 from sysconfig import get_config_var 237 USER_BASE = get_config_var('userbase') 238 return USER_BASE 239 240def getusersitepackages(): 241 """Returns the user-specific site-packages directory path. 242 243 If the global variable ``USER_SITE`` is not initialized yet, this 244 function will also set it. 245 """ 246 global USER_SITE 247 user_base = getuserbase() # this will also set USER_BASE 248 249 if USER_SITE is not None: 250 return USER_SITE 251 252 from sysconfig import get_path 253 import os 254 255 if sys.platform == 'darwin': 256 from sysconfig import get_config_var 257 if get_config_var('PYTHONFRAMEWORK'): 258 USER_SITE = get_path('purelib', 'osx_framework_user') 259 return USER_SITE 260 261 USER_SITE = get_path('purelib', '%s_user' % os.name) 262 return USER_SITE 263 264def addusersitepackages(known_paths): 265 """Add a per user site-package to sys.path 266 267 Each user has its own python directory with site-packages in the 268 home directory. 269 """ 270 # get the per user site-package path 271 # this call will also make sure USER_BASE and USER_SITE are set 272 user_site = getusersitepackages() 273 274 if ENABLE_USER_SITE and os.path.isdir(user_site): 275 addsitedir(user_site, known_paths) 276 if ENABLE_USER_SITE: 277 for dist_libdir in ("local/lib", "lib"): 278 user_site = os.path.join(USER_BASE, dist_libdir, 279 "python" + sys.version[:3], 280 "dist-packages") 281 if os.path.isdir(user_site): 282 addsitedir(user_site, known_paths) 283 return known_paths 284 285def getsitepackages(): 286 """Returns a list containing all global site-packages directories 287 (and possibly site-python). 288 289 For each directory present in the global ``PREFIXES``, this function 290 will find its `site-packages` subdirectory depending on the system 291 environment, and will return a list of full paths. 292 """ 293 sitepackages = [] 294 seen = set() 295 296 for prefix in PREFIXES: 297 if not prefix or prefix in seen: 298 continue 299 seen.add(prefix) 300 301 if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos'): 302 sitepackages.append(os.path.join(prefix, "Lib", "site-packages")) 303 elif os.sep == '/': 304 sitepackages.append(os.path.join(prefix, "local/lib", 305 "python" + sys.version[:3], 306 "dist-packages")) 307 sitepackages.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib", 308 "python" + sys.version[:3], 309 "dist-packages")) 310 else: 311 sitepackages.append(prefix) 312 sitepackages.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-packages")) 313 if sys.platform == "darwin": 314 # for framework builds *only* we add the standard Apple 315 # locations. 316 from sysconfig import get_config_var 317 framework = get_config_var("PYTHONFRAMEWORK") 318 if framework: 319 sitepackages.append( 320 os.path.join("/Library", framework, 321 sys.version[:3], "site-packages")) 322 return sitepackages 323 324def addsitepackages(known_paths): 325 """Add site-packages (and possibly site-python) to sys.path""" 326 for sitedir in getsitepackages(): 327 if os.path.isdir(sitedir): 328 addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths) 329 330 return known_paths 331 332def setBEGINLIBPATH(): 333 """The OS/2 EMX port has optional extension modules that do double duty 334 as DLLs (and must use the .DLL file extension) for other extensions. 335 The library search path needs to be amended so these will be found 336 during module import. Use BEGINLIBPATH so that these are at the start 337 of the library search path. 338 339 """ 340 dllpath = os.path.join(sys.prefix, "Lib", "lib-dynload") 341 libpath = os.environ['BEGINLIBPATH'].split(';') 342 if libpath[-1]: 343 libpath.append(dllpath) 344 else: 345 libpath[-1] = dllpath 346 os.environ['BEGINLIBPATH'] = ';'.join(libpath) 347 348 349def setquit(): 350 """Define new builtins 'quit' and 'exit'. 351 352 These are objects which make the interpreter exit when called. 353 The repr of each object contains a hint at how it works. 354 355 """ 356 if os.sep == ':': 357 eof = 'Cmd-Q' 358 elif os.sep == '\\': 359 eof = 'Ctrl-Z plus Return' 360 else: 361 eof = 'Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF)' 362 363 class Quitter(object): 364 def __init__(self, name): 365 self.name = name 366 def __repr__(self): 367 return 'Use %s() or %s to exit' % (self.name, eof) 368 def __call__(self, code=None): 369 # Shells like IDLE catch the SystemExit, but listen when their 370 # stdin wrapper is closed. 371 try: 372 sys.stdin.close() 373 except: 374 pass 375 raise SystemExit(code) 376 __builtin__.quit = Quitter('quit') 377 __builtin__.exit = Quitter('exit') 378 379 380class _Printer(object): 381 """interactive prompt objects for printing the license text, a list of 382 contributors and the copyright notice.""" 383 384 MAXLINES = 23 385 386 def __init__(self, name, data, files=(), dirs=()): 387 self.__name = name 388 self.__data = data 389 self.__files = files 390 self.__dirs = dirs 391 self.__lines = None 392 393 def __setup(self): 394 if self.__lines: 395 return 396 data = None 397 for dir in self.__dirs: 398 for filename in self.__files: 399 filename = os.path.join(dir, filename) 400 try: 401 fp = file(filename, "rU") 402 data = fp.read() 403 fp.close() 404 break 405 except IOError: 406 pass 407 if data: 408 break 409 if not data: 410 data = self.__data 411 self.__lines = data.split('\n') 412 self.__linecnt = len(self.__lines) 413 414 def __repr__(self): 415 self.__setup() 416 if len(self.__lines) <= self.MAXLINES: 417 return "\n".join(self.__lines) 418 else: 419 return "Type %s() to see the full %s text" % ((self.__name,)*2) 420 421 def __call__(self): 422 self.__setup() 423 prompt = 'Hit Return for more, or q (and Return) to quit: ' 424 lineno = 0 425 while 1: 426 try: 427 for i in range(lineno, lineno + self.MAXLINES): 428 print self.__lines[i] 429 except IndexError: 430 break 431 else: 432 lineno += self.MAXLINES 433 key = None 434 while key is None: 435 key = raw_input(prompt) 436 if key not in ('', 'q'): 437 key = None 438 if key == 'q': 439 break 440 441def setcopyright(): 442 """Set 'copyright' and 'credits' in __builtin__""" 443 __builtin__.copyright = _Printer("copyright", sys.copyright) 444 if sys.platform[:4] == 'java': 445 __builtin__.credits = _Printer( 446 "credits", 447 "Jython is maintained by the Jython developers (www.jython.org).") 448 else: 449 __builtin__.credits = _Printer("credits", """\ 450 Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands 451 for supporting Python development. See www.python.org for more information.""") 452 here = os.path.dirname(os.__file__) 453 __builtin__.license = _Printer( 454 "license", "See https://www.python.org/psf/license/", 455 ["LICENSE.txt", "LICENSE"], 456 [os.path.join(here, os.pardir), here, os.curdir]) 457 458 459class _Helper(object): 460 """Define the builtin 'help'. 461 This is a wrapper around pydoc.help (with a twist). 462 463 """ 464 465 def __repr__(self): 466 return "Type help() for interactive help, " \ 467 "or help(object) for help about object." 468 def __call__(self, *args, **kwds): 469 import pydoc 470 return pydoc.help(*args, **kwds) 471 472def sethelper(): 473 __builtin__.help = _Helper() 474 475def aliasmbcs(): 476 """On Windows, some default encodings are not provided by Python, 477 while they are always available as "mbcs" in each locale. Make 478 them usable by aliasing to "mbcs" in such a case.""" 479 if sys.platform == 'win32': 480 import locale, codecs 481 enc = locale.getdefaultlocale()[1] 482 if enc.startswith('cp'): # "cp***" ? 483 try: 484 codecs.lookup(enc) 485 except LookupError: 486 import encodings 487 encodings._cache[enc] = encodings._unknown 488 encodings.aliases.aliases[enc] = 'mbcs' 489 490def setencoding(): 491 """Set the string encoding used by the Unicode implementation. The 492 default is 'ascii', but if you're willing to experiment, you can 493 change this.""" 494 encoding = "ascii" # Default value set by _PyUnicode_Init() 495 if 0: 496 # Enable to support locale aware default string encodings. 497 import locale 498 loc = locale.getdefaultlocale() 499 if loc[1]: 500 encoding = loc[1] 501 if 0: 502 # Enable to switch off string to Unicode coercion and implicit 503 # Unicode to string conversion. 504 encoding = "undefined" 505 if encoding != "ascii": 506 # On Non-Unicode builds this will raise an AttributeError... 507 sys.setdefaultencoding(encoding) # Needs Python Unicode build ! 508 509 510def execsitecustomize(): 511 """Run custom site specific code, if available.""" 512 try: 513 import sitecustomize 514 except ImportError: 515 pass 516 except Exception: 517 if sys.flags.verbose: 518 sys.excepthook(*sys.exc_info()) 519 else: 520 print >>sys.stderr, \ 521 "'import sitecustomize' failed; use -v for traceback" 522 523 524def execusercustomize(): 525 """Run custom user specific code, if available.""" 526 try: 527 import usercustomize 528 except ImportError: 529 pass 530 except Exception: 531 if sys.flags.verbose: 532 sys.excepthook(*sys.exc_info()) 533 else: 534 print>>sys.stderr, \ 535 "'import usercustomize' failed; use -v for traceback" 536 537 538def main(): 539 global ENABLE_USER_SITE 540 541 abs__file__() 542 known_paths = removeduppaths() 543 if ENABLE_USER_SITE is None: 544 ENABLE_USER_SITE = check_enableusersite() 545 known_paths = addusersitepackages(known_paths) 546 known_paths = addsitepackages(known_paths) 547 if sys.platform == 'os2emx': 548 setBEGINLIBPATH() 549 setquit() 550 setcopyright() 551 sethelper() 552 aliasmbcs() 553 setencoding() 554 execsitecustomize() 555 if ENABLE_USER_SITE: 556 execusercustomize() 557 # Remove sys.setdefaultencoding() so that users cannot change the 558 # encoding after initialization. The test for presence is needed when 559 # this module is run as a script, because this code is executed twice. 560 if hasattr(sys, "setdefaultencoding"): 561 del sys.setdefaultencoding 562 563main() 564 565def _script(): 566 help = """\ 567 %s [--user-base] [--user-site] 568 569 Without arguments print some useful information 570 With arguments print the value of USER_BASE and/or USER_SITE separated 571 by '%s'. 572 573 Exit codes with --user-base or --user-site: 574 0 - user site directory is enabled 575 1 - user site directory is disabled by user 576 2 - uses site directory is disabled by super user 577 or for security reasons 578 >2 - unknown error 579 """ 580 args = sys.argv[1:] 581 if not args: 582 print "sys.path = [" 583 for dir in sys.path: 584 print " %r," % (dir,) 585 print "]" 586 print "USER_BASE: %r (%s)" % (USER_BASE, 587 "exists" if os.path.isdir(USER_BASE) else "doesn't exist") 588 print "USER_SITE: %r (%s)" % (USER_SITE, 589 "exists" if os.path.isdir(USER_SITE) else "doesn't exist") 590 print "ENABLE_USER_SITE: %r" % ENABLE_USER_SITE 591 sys.exit(0) 592 593 buffer = [] 594 if '--user-base' in args: 595 buffer.append(USER_BASE) 596 if '--user-site' in args: 597 buffer.append(USER_SITE) 598 599 if buffer: 600 print os.pathsep.join(buffer) 601 if ENABLE_USER_SITE: 602 sys.exit(0) 603 elif ENABLE_USER_SITE is False: 604 sys.exit(1) 605 elif ENABLE_USER_SITE is None: 606 sys.exit(2) 607 else: 608 sys.exit(3) 609 else: 610 import textwrap 611 print textwrap.dedent(help % (sys.argv[0], os.pathsep)) 612 sys.exit(10) 613 614if __name__ == '__main__': 615 _script()