一、会用Spring测试套件的好处
在开发基于Spring的应用时,如果你还直接使用Junit进行单元测试,那你就错过了Spring为我们所提供的饕餮大餐了。使用Junit直接进行单元测试有以下四大不足:
1)导致多次Spring容器初始化问题
根据JUnit测试方法的调用流程,每执行一个测试方法都会创建一个测试用例的实例并调用setUp()方法。由于一般情况下,我们在setUp()方法中初始化Spring容器,这意味着如果测试用例有多少个测试方法,Spring容器就会被重复初始化多次。虽然初始化Spring容器的速度并不会太慢,但由于可能会在Spring容器初始化时执行加载Hibernate映射文件等耗时的操作,如果每执行一个测试方法都必须重复初始化Spring容器,则对测试性能的影响是不容忽视的;
使用Spring测试套件,Spring容器只会初始化一次
2)需要使用硬编码方式手工获取Bean
在测试用例类中我们需要通过ctx.getBean()方法从Spirng容器中获取需要测试的目标Bean,并且还要进行强制类型转换的造型操作。这种乏味的操作迷漫在测试用例的代码中,让人觉得烦琐不堪;
使用Spring测试套件,测试用例类中的属性会被自动填充Spring容器的对应Bean,无须在手工设置Bean!
3)数据库现场容易遭受破坏
测试方法对数据库的更改操作会持久化到数据库中。虽然是针对开发数据库进行操作,但如果数据操作的影响是持久的,可能会影响到后面的测试行为。举个例子,用户在测试方法中插入一条ID为1的User记录,第一次运行不会有问题,第二次运行时,就会因为主键冲突而导致测试用例失败。所以应该既能够完成功能逻辑检查,又能够在测试完成后恢复现场,不会留下“后遗症”;
使用Spring测试套件,Spring会在你验证后,自动回滚对数据库的操作,保证数据库的现场不被破坏,因此重复测试不会发生问题!
4)不方便对数据操作正确性进行检查
假如我们向登录日志表插入了一条成功登录日志,可是我们却没有对t_login_log表中是否确实添加了一条记录进行检查。一般情况下,我们可能是打开数据库,肉眼观察是否插入了相应的记录,但这严重违背了自动测试的原则。试想在测试包括成千上万个数据操作行为的程序时,如何用肉眼进行检查?
只要你继承Spring的测试套件的用例类,你就可以通过jdbcTemplate(或Dao等)在同一事务中访问数据库,查询数据的变化,验证操作的正确性!
Spring提供了一套扩展于Junit测试用例的测试套件,使用这套测试套件完全解决了以上四个问题,让我们测试Spring的应用更加方便。这个测试套件主要由org.springframework.test包下的若干类组成,使用简单快捷,方便上手。
二、使用方法
1)基本用法
1package com.test; 2 3import javax.annotation.Resource; 4 5import org.junit.Test; 6import org.junit.runner.RunWith; 7import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration; 8import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner; 9 10@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) 11@ContextConfiguration(locations = { "classpath:config/applicationContext-*.xml", "classpath:services/ext/service-*.xml" }) 12public class UserServiceTest { 13 14 @Resource 15 private IUserService userService; 16 17 @Test 18 public void testAddOpinion1() { 19 userService.downloadCount(1); 20 System.out.println(1); 21 } 22 23 @Test 24 public void testAddOpinion2() { 25 userService.downloadCount(2); 26 System.out.println(2); 27 } 28}
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) 用于配置spring中测试的环境
@ContextConfiguration(locations = { "classpath:config/applicationContext-*.xml", "classpath:services/ext/service-*.xml" })用于指定配置文件所在的位置
@Resource注入Spring容器Bean对象,注意与@Autowired区别
2)事务用法
1package com.test; 2 3import javax.annotation.Resource; 4 5import org.junit.Test; 6import org.junit.runner.RunWith; 7import org.springframework.test.annotation.Rollback; 8import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration; 9import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner; 10import org.springframework.test.context.transaction.TransactionConfiguration; 11import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional; 12 13@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) 14@ContextConfiguration(locations = { "classpath:config/applicationContext-*.xml", "classpath:services/ext/service-*.xml" }) 15@Transactional 16@TransactionConfiguration(transactionManager = "transactionManager") 17//@TransactionConfiguration(transactionManager = "transactionManager", defaultRollback = true) 18public class UserServiceTest { 19 20 @Resource 21 private IUserService userService; 22 23 @Test 24// @Transactional 25 public void testAddOpinion1() { 26 userService.downloadCount(1); 27 System.out.println(1); 28 } 29 30 @Test 31 @Rollback(false) 32 public void testAddOpinion2() { 33 userService.downloadCount(2); 34 System.out.println(2); 35 } 36}
@TransactionConfiguration(transactionManager="transactionManager")读取Spring配置文件中名为transactionManager的事务配置,defaultRollback为事务回滚默认设置。该注解是可选的,可使用@Transactional与@Rollback配合完成事务管理。当然也可以使用@Transactional与@TransactionConfiguration配合。
@Transactional开启事务。可放到类或方法上,类上作用于所有方法。
@Rollback事务回滚配置。只能放到方法上。
3)继承AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests
1package com.test; 2 3import javax.annotation.Resource; 4 5import org.junit.Test; 6import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration; 7import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests; 8import org.springframework.test.context.transaction.TransactionConfiguration; 9 10@ContextConfiguration(locations = { "classpath:config/applicationContext-*.xml", "classpath:services/ext/service-*.xml" }) 11@TransactionConfiguration(transactionManager = "transactionManager", defaultRollback = false) 12public class UserServiceTest extends AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests { 13 14 @Resource 15 private IUserService userService; 16 17 @Test 18 public void testAddOpinion1() { 19 userService.downloadCount(1); 20 System.out.println(1); 21 } 22 23 @Test 24 public void testAddOpinion2() { 25 userService.downloadCount(2); 26 System.out.println(2); 27 } 28}
AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests:这个类为我们解决了在web.xml中配置OpenSessionInview所解决的session生命周期延长的问题,所以要继承这个类。该类已经在类级别预先配置了好了事物支持,因此不必再配置@Transactional和@RunWith
4)继承
1package com.test; 2 3import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration; 4import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests; 5import org.springframework.test.context.transaction.TransactionConfiguration; 6 7@ContextConfiguration(locations = { "classpath:config/applicationContext-*.xml", "classpath:services/ext/service-*.xml" }) 8@TransactionConfiguration(transactionManager = "transactionManager") 9public class BaseTestCase extends AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests { 10 11} 12 13package com.test; 14 15import javax.annotation.Resource; 16 17import org.junit.Test; 18import org.springframework.test.annotation.Rollback; 19 20public class UserServiceTest extends BaseTestCase { 21 22 @Resource 23 private IUserService userService; 24 25 @Test 26 public void testAddOpinion1() { 27 userService.downloadCount(1); 28 System.out.println(1); 29 } 30 31 @Test 32 @Rollback(false) 33 public void testAddOpinion2() { 34 userService.downloadCount(2); 35 System.out.println(2); 36 } 37}
5)综合
1@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) 2@ContextConfiguration 3@TransactionConfiguration 4@Transactional 5public class PersonDaoTransactionUnitTest extends AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests { 6 7 final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PersonDaoTransactionUnitTest.class); 8 9 protected static int SIZE = 2; 10 protected static Integer ID = new Integer(1); 11 protected static String FIRST_NAME = "Joe"; 12 protected static String LAST_NAME = "Smith"; 13 protected static String CHANGED_LAST_NAME = "Jackson"; 14 15 @Autowired 16 protected PersonDao personDao = null; 17 18 /** 19 * Tests that the size and first record match what is expected before the transaction. 20 */ 21 @BeforeTransaction 22 public void beforeTransaction() { 23 testPerson(true, LAST_NAME); 24 } 25 26 /** 27 * Tests person table and changes the first records last name. 28 */ 29 @Test 30 public void testHibernateTemplate() throws SQLException { 31 assertNotNull("Person DAO is null.", personDao); 32 33 Collection<Person> lPersons = personDao.findPersons(); 34 35 assertNotNull("Person list is null.", lPersons); 36 assertEquals("Number of persons should be " + SIZE + ".", SIZE, lPersons.size()); 37 38 for (Person person : lPersons) { 39 assertNotNull("Person is null.", person); 40 41 if (ID.equals(person.getId())) { 42 assertEquals("Person first name should be " + FIRST_NAME + ".", FIRST_NAME, person.getFirstName()); 43 assertEquals("Person last name should be " + LAST_NAME + ".", LAST_NAME, person.getLastName()); 44 45 person.setLastName(CHANGED_LAST_NAME); 46 47 personDao.save(person); 48 } 49 } 50 } 51 52 /** 53 * Tests that the size and first record match what is expected after the transaction. 54 */ 55 @AfterTransaction 56 public void afterTransaction() { 57 testPerson(false, LAST_NAME); 58 } 59 60 /** 61 * Tests person table. 62 */ 63 protected void testPerson(boolean beforeTransaction, String matchLastName) { 64 List<Map<String, Object>> lPersonMaps = simpleJdbcTemplate.queryForList("SELECT * FROM PERSON"); 65 66 assertNotNull("Person list is null.", lPersonMaps); 67 assertEquals("Number of persons should be " + SIZE + ".", SIZE, lPersonMaps.size()); 68 69 Map<String, Object> hPerson = lPersonMaps.get(0); 70 71 logger.debug((beforeTransaction ? "Before" : "After") + " transaction. " + hPerson.toString()); 72 73 Integer id = (Integer) hPerson.get("ID"); 74 String firstName = (String) hPerson.get("FIRST_NAME"); 75 String lastName = (String) hPerson.get("LAST_NAME"); 76 77 if (ID.equals(id)) { 78 assertEquals("Person first name should be " + FIRST_NAME + ".", FIRST_NAME, firstName); 79 assertEquals("Person last name should be " + matchLastName + ".", matchLastName, lastName); 80 } 81 } 82 83}
@BeforeTransaction在事务之前执行
@AfterTransaction在事务之后执行
@NotTransactional不开启事务
好了,本篇作为Junit补充就说到这里了,希望大家多多分享经验哦。