问题介绍
在日常的开发过程中,我们不可避免地会使用到 JDK8 之前的 Date 类,在格式化日期或解析日期时就需要用到 SimpleDateFormat 类,但由于该类并不是线程安全的,所以我们常发现对该类的不恰当使用会导致日期解析异常,从而影响线上服务可用率。
以下是对 SimpleDateFormat 类不恰当使用的示例代码:
1package com.jd.threadsafe; 2 3import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; 4import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean; 5 6/** 7 * @Date: 2023/7/25 10:47 8 * @Desc: SimpleDateFormat 线程安全问题复现 9 * @Version: V1.0 10 **/ 11public class SimpleDateFormatTest { 12 private static final AtomicBoolean STOP = new AtomicBoolean(); 13 private static final SimpleDateFormat FORMATTER = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-M-d"); // 非线程安全 14 15 public static void main(String[] args) { 16 Runnable runnable = () -> { 17 int count = 0; 18 while (!STOP.get()) { 19 try { 20 FORMATTER.parse("2023-7-15"); 21 } catch (Exception e) { 22 e.printStackTrace(); 23 if (++count > 3) { 24 STOP.set(true); 25 } 26 } 27 } 28 }; 29 30 new Thread(runnable).start(); 31 new Thread(runnable).start(); 32 } 33} 34 35 36 37
以上代码模拟了多线程并发使用 SimpleDateFormat 实例的场景,此时可观察到如下异常输出:
1java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: "" 2 at java.lang.NumberFormatException.forInputString(NumberFormatException.java:65) 3 at java.lang.Long.parseLong(Long.java:601) 4 at java.lang.Long.parseLong(Long.java:631) 5 at java.text.DigitList.getLong(DigitList.java:195) 6 at java.text.DecimalFormat.parse(DecimalFormat.java:2082) 7 at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.subParse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1869) 8 at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.parse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1514) 9 at java.text.DateFormat.parse(DateFormat.java:364) 10 at com.jd.threadsafe.SimpleDateFormatTest.lambda$main$0(SimpleDateFormatTest.java:21) 11 at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:750) 12java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: "" 13 at java.lang.NumberFormatException.forInputString(NumberFormatException.java:65) 14 at java.lang.Long.parseLong(Long.java:601) 15 at java.lang.Long.parseLong(Long.java:631) 16 at java.text.DigitList.getLong(DigitList.java:195) 17 at java.text.DecimalFormat.parse(DecimalFormat.java:2082) 18 at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.subParse(SimpleDateFormat.java:2162) 19 at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.parse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1514) 20 at java.text.DateFormat.parse(DateFormat.java:364) 21 at com.jd.threadsafe.SimpleDateFormatTest.lambda$main$0(SimpleDateFormatTest.java:21) 22 at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:750) 23java.lang.NumberFormatException: multiple points 24 at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.readJavaFormatString(FloatingDecimal.java:1890) 25 at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.parseDouble(FloatingDecimal.java:110) 26 at java.lang.Double.parseDouble(Double.java:538) 27 at java.text.DigitList.getDouble(DigitList.java:169) 28 at java.text.DecimalFormat.parse(DecimalFormat.java:2087) 29 at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.subParse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1869) 30 at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.parse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1514) 31 at java.text.DateFormat.parse(DateFormat.java:364) 32 at com.jd.threadsafe.SimpleDateFormatTest.lambda$main$0(SimpleDateFormatTest.java:21) 33 at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:750) 34java.lang.NumberFormatException: multiple points 35 at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.readJavaFormatString(FloatingDecimal.java:1890) 36 at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.parseDouble(FloatingDecimal.java:110) 37 at java.lang.Double.parseDouble(Double.java:538) 38 at java.text.DigitList.getDouble(DigitList.java:169) 39 at java.text.DecimalFormat.parse(DecimalFormat.java:2087) 40 at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.subParse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1869) 41 at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.parse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1514) 42 at java.text.DateFormat.parse(DateFormat.java:364) 43 at com.jd.threadsafe.SimpleDateFormatTest.lambda$main$0(SimpleDateFormatTest.java:21) 44 at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:750) 45java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: "" 46 at java.lang.NumberFormatException.forInputString(NumberFormatException.java:65) 47 at java.lang.Long.parseLong(Long.java:601) 48 at java.lang.Long.parseLong(Long.java:631) 49 at java.text.DigitList.getLong(DigitList.java:195) 50 at java.text.DecimalFormat.parse(DecimalFormat.java:2082) 51 at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.subParse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1869) 52 at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.parse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1514) 53 at java.text.DateFormat.parse(DateFormat.java:364) 54 at com.jd.threadsafe.SimpleDateFormatTest.lambda$main$0(SimpleDateFormatTest.java:21) 55 at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:750) 56 57 58 59
以上异常的根本原因是因为 SimpleDateFormat 是有状态的,如 SimpleDateFormat 类中含有非线程安全的 NumberFormat 成员变量:
1/** 2 * The number formatter that <code>DateFormat</code> uses to format numbers 3 * in dates and times. Subclasses should initialize this to a number format 4 * appropriate for the locale associated with this <code>DateFormat</code>. 5 * @serial 6 */ 7protected NumberFormat numberFormat; 8 9 10 11
从 NumberFormat 的 Java Doc 中能看到如下描述:
Synchronization Number formats are generally not synchronized. It is recommended to create separate format instances for each thread. If multiple threads access a format concurrently, it must be synchronized externally.
从 SimpleDateFormat 的 Java Doc 中能看到如下描述:
Synchronization Date formats are not synchronized. It is recommended to create separate format instances for each thread. If multiple threads access a format concurrently, it must be synchronized externally.
修复方案一:加锁(不推荐)
1package com.jd.threadsafe; 2 3import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; 4import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean; 5 6/** 7 * @Date: 2023/7/25 10:47 8 * @Desc: SimpleDateFormat 线程安全修复方案:加锁 9 * @Version: V1.0 10 **/ 11public class SimpleDateFormatLockTest { 12 private static final AtomicBoolean STOP = new AtomicBoolean(); 13 private static final SimpleDateFormat FORMATTER = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-M-d"); // 非线程安全 14 15 public static void main(String[] args) { 16 Runnable runnable = () -> { 17 int count = 0; 18 while (!STOP.get()) { 19 try { 20 synchronized (FORMATTER) { 21 FORMATTER.parse("2023-7-15"); 22 } 23 } catch (Exception e) { 24 e.printStackTrace(); 25 if (++count > 3) { 26 STOP.set(true); 27 } 28 } 29 } 30 }; 31 32 new Thread(runnable).start(); 33 new Thread(runnable).start(); 34 } 35 36} 37 38 39 40
首先我们能想到的最简单的解决线程安全问题的修复方案即加锁,如以上修复方案,使用 synchronized 关键字对 FORMATTER 实例进行加锁,此时多线程进行日期格式化时退化为串行执行,保证了正确性但牺牲了性能,不推荐。
修复方案二:栈封闭(不推荐)
如果按照文档中的推荐用法,可知推荐为每个线程创建独立的 SimpleDateFormat 实例,一种最简单的方式就是在方法调用时每次创建 SimpleDateFormat 实例,以实现栈封闭的效果,如以下示例代码:
1package com.jd.threadsafe; 2 3import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; 4import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean; 5 6/** 7 * @Date: 2023/7/25 10:47 8 * @Desc: SimpleDateFormat 线程安全修复方案:栈封闭 9 * @Version: V1.0 10 **/ 11public class SimpleDateFormatStackConfinementTest { 12 private static final AtomicBoolean STOP = new AtomicBoolean(); 13 14 public static void main(String[] args) { 15 Runnable runnable = () -> { 16 int count = 0; 17 while (!STOP.get()) { 18 try { 19 new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-M-d").parse("2023-7-15"); 20 } catch (Exception e) { 21 e.printStackTrace(); 22 if (++count > 3) { 23 STOP.set(true); 24 } 25 } 26 } 27 }; 28 29 new Thread(runnable).start(); 30 new Thread(runnable).start(); 31 } 32 33} 34 35 36 37
即将共用的 SimpleDateFormat 实例调整为每次创建新的实例,该修复方案保证了正确性但每次方法调用需要创建 SimpleDateFormat 实例,并未复用 SimpleDateFormat 实例,存在 GC 损耗,所以并不推荐。
修复方案三:ThreadLocal(推荐)
如果日期格式化操作是应用里的高频操作,且需要优先保证性能,那么建议每个线程复用 SimpleDateFormat 实例,此时可引入 ThreadLocal 类来解决该问题:
1package com.jd.threadsafe; 2 3import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; 4import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean; 5 6/** 7 * @Date: 2023/7/25 10:47 8 * @Desc: SimpleDateFormat 线程安全修复方案:ThreadLocal 9 * @Version: V1.0 10 **/ 11public class SimpleDateFormatThreadLocalTest { 12 private static final AtomicBoolean STOP = new AtomicBoolean(); 13 private static final ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat> SIMPLE_DATE_FORMAT_THREAD_LOCAL = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-M-d")); 14 15 public static void main(String[] args) { 16 Runnable runnable = () -> { 17 int count = 0; 18 while (!STOP.get()) { 19 try { 20 SIMPLE_DATE_FORMAT_THREAD_LOCAL.get().parse("2023-7-15"); 21 } catch (Exception e) { 22 e.printStackTrace(); 23 if (++count > 3) { 24 STOP.set(true); 25 } 26 } 27 } 28 }; 29 30 new Thread(runnable).start(); 31 new Thread(runnable).start(); 32 } 33 34} 35 36 37 38
执行上述代码,不会再观察到异常输出,因为已为每个线程创建了独立的 SimpleDateFormat 实例,即在线程维度复用了 SimpleDateFormat 实例,在线程池等池化场景下相比上方栈封闭的修复方案降低了 GC 损耗,同时也规避了线程安全问题。
以上使用 ThreadLocal 在线程维度复用非线程安全的实例可认为是一种通用的模式,可在 JDK 及不少开源项目中看到类似的模式实现,如在 JDK 最常见的 String 类中,对字符串进行编解码所需要用到的 StringDecoder 及 StringEncoder 即使用了 ThreadLocal 来规避线程安全问题:
1/** 2 * Utility class for string encoding and decoding. 3 */ 4class StringCoding { 5 6 private StringCoding() { } 7 8 /** The cached coders for each thread */ 9 private final static ThreadLocal<SoftReference<StringDecoder>> decoder = 10 new ThreadLocal<>(); 11 private final static ThreadLocal<SoftReference<StringEncoder>> encoder = 12 new ThreadLocal<>(); 13 14 // ... 15} 16 17 18 19
在 Dubbo 的 ThreadLocalKryoFactory 类中,在对非线程安全类 Kryo 的使用中,也使用了 ThreadLocal 类来规避线程安全问题:
1package org.apache.dubbo.common.serialize.kryo.utils; 2 3import com.esotericsoftware.kryo.Kryo; 4 5public class ThreadLocalKryoFactory extends AbstractKryoFactory { 6 7 private final ThreadLocal<Kryo> holder = new ThreadLocal<Kryo>() { 8 @Override 9 protected Kryo initialValue() { 10 return create(); 11 } 12 }; 13 14 @Override 15 public void returnKryo(Kryo kryo) { 16 // do nothing 17 } 18 19 @Override 20 public Kryo getKryo() { 21 return holder.get(); 22 } 23} 24 25 26 27
参考:Dubbo - ThreadLocalKryoFactory
类似地,在 HikariCP 的 ConcurrentBag 类中,也用到了 ThreadLocal 类来规避线程安全问题,此处不再进一步展开。
修复方案四:FastDateFormat(推荐)
针对 SimpleDateFormat 类的线程安全问题,apache commons-lang 提供了 FastDateFormat 类。其部分 Java Doc 如下:
FastDateFormat is a fast and thread-safe version of
SimpleDateFormat. To obtain an instance of FastDateFormat, use one of the static factory methods:getInstance(String, TimeZone, Locale),getDateInstance(int, TimeZone, Locale),getTimeInstance(int, TimeZone, Locale), orgetDateTimeInstance(int, int, TimeZone, Locale)Since FastDateFormat is thread safe, you can use a static member instance: private static final FastDateFormat DATE_FORMATTER = FastDateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(FastDateFormat.LONG, FastDateFormat.SHORT); This class can be used as a direct replacement toSimpleDateFormatin most formatting and parsing situations. This class is especially useful in multi-threaded server environments.SimpleDateFormatis not thread-safe in any JDK version, nor will it be as Sun have closed the bug/RFE. All patterns are compatible with SimpleDateFormat (except time zones and some year patterns - see below).
该修复方案相对来说代码改造最小,仅需在声明静态 SimpleDateFormat 实例代码处将 SimpleDateFormat 实例替换为 FastDateFormat 实例,示例代码如下:
1package com.jd.threadsafe; 2 3import org.apache.commons.lang3.time.FastDateFormat; 4 5import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean; 6 7/** 8 * @Date: 2023/7/6 20:05 9 * @Desc: SimpleDateFormat 线程安全修复方案:FastDateFormat 10 * @Version: V1.0 11 **/ 12public class FastDateFormatTest { 13 private static final AtomicBoolean STOP = new AtomicBoolean(); 14 private static final FastDateFormat FORMATTER = FastDateFormat.getInstance("yyyy-M-d"); 15 16 public static void main(String[] args) { 17 Runnable runnable = () -> { 18 int count = 0; 19 while (!STOP.get()) { 20 try { 21 FORMATTER.parse("2023-7-15"); 22 } catch (Exception e) { 23 e.printStackTrace(); 24 if (++count > 3) { 25 STOP.set(true); 26 } 27 } 28 } 29 }; 30 31 new Thread(runnable).start(); 32 new Thread(runnable).start(); 33 } 34 35} 36 37 38 39
执行上述代码,不会再观察到异常输出,因为 FastDateFormat 是线程安全的实现,支持多线程并发调用。
总结
无论使用哪种修复方案,都需要在修改后进行充分的测试,保证修复后不影响原有业务逻辑,如通过单元测试、流量回放等方式来保证本次修复的正确性。
思考
代码里使用 SimpleDateFormat 类的原因是因为日期使用了 Date 类,与 Date 相配套的 JDK 格式化类即 SimpleDateFormat 类,如果我们在处理日期时使用 JDK8 引入的 LocalDateTime 等不可变日期类,那么格式化将使用配套的线程安全的 DateTimeFormatter 类,从根源上规避掉对非线程安全类 SimpleDateFormat 类的使用。
作者:京东物流 刘建设 张九龙 田爽
来源:京东云开发者社区 自猿其说Tech 转载请注明来源
