Java8内存模型

<div class="htmledit\_views"> <h1><a name="t0"></a>一、JVM内存模型</h1> <p></p> <p><span style="font-family:'宋体';">内存空间</span>(Runtime Data Area)中可以按照是否线程共享分为两块，线程共享的是方法区(Method Area)和堆(Heap)，线程独享的是Java虚拟机栈(Java Stack)，本地方法栈(Native Method Stack)和PC寄存器(Program Counter Register)。具体参见下图：</p> <p><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20170228094406473" alt="JVM内存模型" align="middle"><br></p> <p>1.<strong>虚拟机栈</strong>：</p> <p>每个线程有一个私有的栈，随着线程的创建而创建。栈里面存放着一种叫做“栈帧”的东西，每个方法会创建一个栈帧，栈帧中存放了局部变量表(基本数据类型和对象引用)、操作数栈、方法出口等信息。栈的大小可以固定也可以动态扩展。当栈调用深度大于JVM所允许的范围，会抛出StackOverflowError的错误，不过这个深度范围不是一个恒定的值，我们通过下面这段程序可以测试一下这个结果：</p> <p></p> <pre onclick="hljs.copyCode(event)"><code class="language-java hljs"><ol class="hljs-ln"><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-comment">// 栈溢出测试源码</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> </div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">package</span> com.paddx.test.memory;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> </div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-comment"><span class="hljs-comment">/\*\*</span></span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-comment"> \* Created by root on 2/28/17.</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-comment"> \*/</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">StackErrorMock</span> </span>{</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> <span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> index = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> </div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">call</span><span class="hljs-params">()</span> </span>{</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> index++;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> call();</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> }</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> </div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span><span class="hljs-params">(String\[\] args)</span> </span>{</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> StackErrorMock mock = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> StackErrorMock();</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> <span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> mock.call();</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> } <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span>(Throwable e) {</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="21"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"Stack deep: "</span> + index);</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="22"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> e.printStackTrace();</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="23"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> }</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="24"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> }</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="25"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">}</div></div></li></ol></code><div class="hljs-button" data-title="复制"></div></pre><br> 运行三次，可以看出每次栈的深度都是不一样的，输出结果如下： <p></p> <p><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20170228100633910" align="middle" alt=""><br></p> <p><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20170228100652723" align="middle" alt=""><br></p> <p><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20170228100723896" align="middle" alt=""><br></p> <p>查看三张结果图，可以看出每次的Stack deep值都有所不同。究其原因，就需要深入到JVM的源码中才能探讨，这里不作赘述。</p> <p>虚拟机栈除了上述错误外，还有另一种错误，那就是当申请不到空间时，会抛出OutOfMemoryError。这里有一个小细节需要注意，catch捕获的是Throwable，而不是Exception，这是因为StackOverflowError和OutOfMemoryError都不属于Exception的子类。</p> <p>2.<strong>本地方法栈</strong>：</p> <p>这部分主要与虚拟机用到的Native方法相关，一般情况下，Java应用程序员并不需要关系这部分内容。</p> <p>3.<strong>PC寄存器</strong>：</p> <p>PC寄存器，也叫程序计数器。JVM支持多个线程同时运行，每个线程都有自己的程序计数器。倘若当前执行的是JVM方法，则该寄存器中保存当前执行指令的地址；倘若执行的是native方法，则PC寄存器为空。</p> <p>4.<strong>堆</strong>：</p> <p>堆内存是JVM所有线程共享的部分，在虚拟机启动的时候就已经创建。所有的对象和数组都在堆上进行分配。这部分空间可通过GC进行回收。当申请不到空间时，会抛出OutOfMemoryError。下面我们简单的模拟一个堆内存溢出的情况：</p> <p></p> <pre onclick="hljs.copyCode(event)"><code class="language-java hljs"><ol class="hljs-ln"><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">package</span> com.paddx.test.memory;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> </div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.util.ArrayList;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.util.List;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> </div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-comment"><span class="hljs-comment">/\*\*</span></span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-comment"> \* Created by root on 2/28/17.</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-comment"> \*/</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">HeapOomMock</span> </span>{</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span><span class="hljs-params">(String\[\] args)</span> </span>{</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> List<<span class="hljs-keyword">byte</span>\[\]> list = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> ArrayList<<span class="hljs-keyword">byte</span>\[\]>();</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> <span class="hljs-keyword">boolean</span> flag = <span class="hljs-keyword">true</span>;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> <span class="hljs-keyword">while</span>(flag) {</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> <span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> i++;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> list.add(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">byte</span>\[<span class="hljs-number">1024</span> \* <span class="hljs-number">1024</span>\]); <span class="hljs-comment">// 每次增加1M大小的数组对象</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> }<span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span>(Throwable e) {</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> e.printStackTrace();</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> flag = <span class="hljs-keyword">false</span>;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="21"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"Count = "</span> + i); <span class="hljs-comment">// 记录运行的次数</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="22"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> }</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="23"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> }</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="24"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> }</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="25"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">}</div></div></li></ol></code><div class="hljs-button" data-title="复制"></div></pre><br> 首先配置运行时虚拟机的启动参数： <p></p> <p><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20170228102953203" align="middle" alt=""><br></p> <p>然后运行代码，输出结果如下：</p> <p><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20170228103026021" align="middle" alt=""><br></p> <p>注意，这里我们指定了堆内存的大小为16M，所以这个地方显示的Count=13(这个数字不是固定的)，至于为什么会是13或其他数字，需要根据GC日志来判断。</p> <p>5.<strong>方法区</strong>：</p> <p>方法区也是所有线程共享的。主要用于存储类的信息、常量池、方法数据、方法代码等。方法区逻辑上属于堆的一部分，但是为了与堆进行区分，通常又叫“非堆”。关于方法区的内存溢出问题会在下文中详细讨论。</p> <p><br></p> <h1><a name="t1"></a>二、PermGen(永久代)</h1> <p>绝大部分Java程序员应该都见过“java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: PremGen space”异常。这里的“PermGen space”其实指的就是方法区。不过方法区和“PermGen space”又有着本质的区别。前者是JVM的规范，而后者则是JVM规范的一种实现，并且只有HotSpot才有“PermGen space”，而对于其他类型的虚拟机，如JRockit(Oracle)、J9(IBM)并没有“PermGen space”。由于方法区主要存储类的相关信息，所以对于动态生成类的情况比较容易出现永久代的内存溢出。最典型的场景就是，在JSP页面比较多的情况，容易出现永久代内存溢出。我们现在通过动态生成类来模拟“PermGen space”的内存溢出：</p> <p></p><pre onclick="hljs.copyCode(event)"><code class="language-java hljs"><ol class="hljs-ln"><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">package</span> com.paddx.test.memory;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> </div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.io.File;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.net.URL;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.net.URLClassLoader;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.util.ArrayList;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.util.List;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> </div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">PermGenOomMock</span> </span>{</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span><span class="hljs-params">(String\[\] args)</span> </span>{</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> URL url = <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> List<ClassLoader> classLoaderList = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> ArrayList<ClassLoader>();</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> <span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> url = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> File(<span class="hljs-string">"/tmp"</span>).toURI().toURL();</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> URL\[\] urls = {url};</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> <span class="hljs-keyword">while</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">true</span>) {</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> ClassLoader loader = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> URLClassLoader(urls);</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> classLoaderList.add(loader);</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> loader.loadClass(<span class="hljs-string">"com.paddx.test.memory.Test"</span>);</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> }</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="21"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> }<span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span>(Exception e) {</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="22"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> e.printStackTrace();</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="23"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> }</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="24"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> }</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="25"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">}</div></div></li></ol></code><div class="hljs-button" data-title="复制"></div></pre><br><pre onclick="hljs.copyCode(event)"><code class="language-java hljs"><ol class="hljs-ln"><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">package</span> com.paddx.test.memory;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> </div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Test</span> </span>{}</div></div></li></ol></code><div class="hljs-button" data-title="复制"></div></pre><br> 运行结果如下： <p><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20170228110737416" align="middle" alt=""><br></p> <p>本例中使用的JDK版本是1.7，指定的PermGen区的大小为8M。通过每次生成不同URLClassLoader对象加载Test类，从而生成不同的类对象，这样就能看到我们熟悉的“java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: PermGen space”异常了。这里之所以采用JDK 1.7，是因为在JDK 1.8中，HotSpot已经没有“PermGen space”这个区间了，取而代之是一个叫做Metaspace(元空间)的东西。下面我们就来看看Metaspace与PermGen space的区别。</p> <p><br></p> <h1><a name="t2"></a>三、Metaspace(元空间)</h1> <p>其实，移除永久代的工作从JDK 1.7就开始了。JDK 1.7中，存储在永久代的部分数据就已经转移到Java Heap或者Native Heap。但永久代仍存在于JDK 1.7中，并没有完全移除，譬如符号引用(Symbols)转移到了native heap；字面量(interned strings)转移到了Java heap；类的静态变量(class statics)转移到了Java heap。我们可以通过一段程序来比较JDK 1.6、JDK 1.7与JDK 1.8的区别，以字符串常量为例：</p> <p></p><pre onclick="hljs.copyCode(event)"><code class="language-java hljs"><ol class="hljs-ln"><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">package</span> com.paddx.test.memory;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> </div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.util.ArrayList;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.util.List;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> </div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">StringOomMock</span> </span>{</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> String base = <span class="hljs-string">"string"</span>;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span><span class="hljs-params">(String\[\] args)</span> </span>{</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> List<String> list = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> ArrayList<String>();</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i < Integer.MAX\_VALUE; i++) {</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> String str = base + base;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> base = str;</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> list.add(str.intern());</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> }</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"> }</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">}</div></div></li></ol></code><div class="hljs-button" data-title="复制"></div></pre><br> 这段程序以2的指数级不断的生成新的字符串，这样可以比较快速的消耗内存。我们通过JDK 1.6、JDK 1.7和JDK 1.8分别运行： <p>JDK 1.6的运行结果：</p> <p><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20170228112128055" align="middle" alt=""><br></p> <p>JDK 1.7的运行结果：</p> <p><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20170228112156530" align="middle" alt=""><br></p> <p>JDK 1.8的运行结果：</p> <p><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20170228112243931" align="middle" alt=""><br></p> <p>从上述结果可以看出，JDK 1.6下，会出现“PermGen space”的内存溢出，而在JDK 1.7和JDK 1.8中，会出现堆内存溢出，并且JDK 1.8中参数PermSize和MaxPermSize已经失效。因此，可以大致验证JDK 1.7和JDK 1.8中将字符串常量由永久代转移到堆中，并且JDK 1.8中已经不存在永久代的结论。现在我们来看一看元空间到底是一个什么东西？</p> <p></p> <p><span style="color:rgb(0,0,255);">JDK1.8</span><span style="font-family:'宋体';">对</span>JVM架构的改造<span style="color:rgb(0,0,255);">将类元数据放到本地内存中</span>，另外，<span style="color:rgb(0,0,255);"><span style="font-family:'宋体';">将常量池和静态变量放到</span>Java堆里</span><span style="font-family:'宋体';">。</span>HotSpot VM将会为类的元数据明确分配和释放本地内存。在这种架构下，类元信息就突破了原来-XX:MaxPermSize的限制，现在可以使用更多的本地内存。这样就从一定程度上解决了原来在运行时生成大量类造成经常Full GC问题，如运行时使用反射、代理等。所以升级以后Java堆空间可能会增加。</p> <p>元空间的本质和永久代类似，都是对JVM规范中方法区的实现。不过元空间与永久代之间的最大区别在于：<span style="color:#3333ff;">元空间并不在虚拟机中，而是使用本地内存</span>。因此，默认情况下，元空间的大小仅受本地内存限制，但可以通过以下参数指定元空间的大小：</p> <p></p> <blockquote style="border:none;"> <p>-XX:MetaspaceSize，初始空间大小，达到该值就会触发垃圾收集进行类型卸载，同时GC会对改值进行调整：如果释放了大量的空间，就适当降低该值；如果释放了很少的空间，那么在不超过MaxMetaspaceSize时，适当提高该值。</p> <p>-XX:MaxMetaspaceSize，最大空间，默认是没有限制的。</p> </blockquote> 除了上面的两个指定大小的选项外，还有两个与GC相关的属性： <p></p> <p></p> <blockquote style="border:none;"> <p>-XX:MinMetaspaceFreeRatio，在GC之后，最小的Metaspace剩余空间容量的百分比，减少为分配空间所导致的垃圾收集。</p> <p>-XX:MaxMetaspaceFreeRatio，在GC之后，最大的Metaspace剩余空间容量的百分比，减少为释放空间所导致的垃圾收集。</p> </blockquote> <p></p> <p>现在我们在JDK 1.8重新运行一下上面第二部分(PermGen(永久代))的代码，不过这次不再指定PermSize和MaxPermSize。而是制定MetaspaceSize和MaxMetaspaceSize的大小。输出结果如下：</p> <p><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20170228120023427" align="middle" alt=""><br></p> <p>从输出结果，我们可以看出，这次不再出现永久代溢出，而是出现元空间的溢出。</p> <p><br></p> <h1><a name="t3"></a>四、总结</h1> <p>通过上面的分析，大家应该大致了解了JVM的内存划分，也清楚了JDK 1.8中永久代向元空间的转换。不过大家应该有一个疑问，就是为什么要做这个转换？以下为大家总结几点原因：</p> <p></p> <ol><li>字符串在永久代中，容易出现性能问题和内存溢出。</li><li>类及方法的信息等比较难确定大小，因此对于永久代的大小指定比较困难，太小容易出现永久代溢出，太大则容易出现老年代溢出。</li><li>永久代会为GC带来不必要的复杂度，并且回收效率偏低。</li><li>Oracle可能会将HotSpot与JRockit合二为一。</li></ol><p></p> <p><br></p> <h1><a name="t4"></a>五、参考：</h1> <p>1.JVM内存模型——永久代(PermGen)和元空间(Metaspace)(http://www.cnblogs.com/paddix/p/5309550.html)</p> <p>2.阿里电面试题汇总(http://www.deanwangpro.com/2017/01/31/ali-interview/)</p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p> </div>

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